|
Prävention von Angst und Depression: Evaluation eines Trainings der Sozialen Kompetenz für sozial unsichere Kinder Sabine
Ahrens-Eipper & Bernd Leplow In dieser Studie sollte untersucht
werden, ob ein entwickeltes Trainingsprogramm für sozial unsichere Kinder
im Alter von fünf bis 10 Jahren effektiv ist, sich also auf die Soziale
Unsicherheit und die Sozialbeziehungen der Kinder auswirkt. Insomnien: Definition,
Epidemiologie, Symptomatik, Persönlichkeit, Verlauf und Komorbidität In der Zürich Studie, die eine
mit Risikofällen angereicherten Kohorte von 591 Personen aus der Bevölkerung
erfasste, wurden nach Dauer und Häufigkeit vier Schweregrade von Insomnien
unterschieden: 1) Dauer 1+ Monate, 2) 2-3 Wochen, 3) <2 Wochen häufig,
4) <2 Wochen sporadisch. Die Entwicklung dieser 4 Formen von Insomnien
wurde im Längsschnitt vom 20. bis 35. Altersjahr untersucht: sie unterschieden
sich nicht in ihrem Symptomprofil, hingegen fand sich eine progressive
Zunahme der schwereren auf Kosten der leichteren Schlafstörungen. Insomnien
von 2-3 Wochen Dauer waren leicht prädiktiv für Depression. Behandlung depressiver
Störungen mit Schlafentzug und Schlafphasen-vorverlagerung - ein klinischer
Erfahrungsbericht Im Gesamtbehandlungsplan depressiver
Störungen haben sich die Schlafentzugstherapie und die Schlafphasenvorverlagerung
fest etabliert. Sie besitzen auf Grund fehlender pharmakologisch bedingter
Nebenwirkungen bei einem Großteil der Patienten eine sehr gute Akzeptanz.
The opioid-induced
Stimulation of Transcription Factors Activity at the Cellular Level Opiates, acting on
opioid receptors (coupled to Gi/Go classes of the
G proteins) inhibit cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation, Ca2+ conductance
and activate potassium conductance, leading to the suppression of neuronal
excitability. However, it has been recently shown that opioids could affect
two different intracellular mediator systems: inhibitory - connected with
cAMP, and stimulatory - involving calcium and the PKC pathway, activate
transcription factors and thus influence the expression of target genes.
Therefore it appears that opioids, at the cellular level, exert both
inhibitory and stimulatory effects. The adaptations in cAMP and Ca2+
levels result in alterations in the activity of several transcription
factors. Especially Ca2+/cAMP Responsive Element Binding
Protein (CREB) and Activated Protein 1 (AP-1) can establish
a direct link between opioid-regulated signal transduction pathways and
the modulation of gene expression. It was found that acute administration
of opioids increased CREB phosphorylation and binding to consensus CRE
and AP-1 elements without affecting total CREB protein level. In contrast,
prolonged opioid treatment normalized back to basal the levels of CRE
and AP-1 DNA binding activity and slightly decreased the levels of phoshorylated
CREB. Withdrawal from the drug elicited an increase in phosphorylated
CREB levels and induced CRE and AP-1 DNA binding activity. Consequently,
opioids regulated CRE- and AP-1- directed transcription of luciferase
reporter gene as well as the expression of target genes (e.g. proenkephaline).
Our findings provide evidence that the regulation of gene expression may
contribute to development of tolerance and addiction. Our results also
highlight the role of transcription factors in the adaptations to opioids
at the cellular level. Cholesterol, essential
fatty acids, and suicide 1Max Planck Institute
of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany Studies in psychiatric patients described an association between lower serum cholesterol concentration, suicidality, depression, impulsivity, and aggression which is not entirely attributable to depression-related malnutrition and weight-loss. Several lines of evidence suggest that a serotonergic deficit in the prefrontal cortex may predispose vulnerable subjects to impulsive, auto-aggressive, and suicidal behaviours in stressful life-events. In-vitro studies, animal experiments, and human in-vivo studies support the hypothesis that cholesterol reduction may contribute to the serotonergic abnormalities which have been postulated in suicidal subjects. Recently it was hypothesized that decreased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, may be a risk factor for depression and suicide. Data from human studies in healthy volunteers suggest that increasing the dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids may increase central serotonergic activity and reduce impulsive and aggressive behaviours. Earlier epidemiological studies showed an association between low cholesterol concentrations and increased suicide risk. Resent epidemiological studies with greater samples and longer follow-up periods, however, even showed a positive correlation between cholesterol concentrations and suicide risk after controlling for potential confounding variables. Large trials of statins (simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin) did not show an increase of suicide mortality. Prediction of Response
to Lithium Augmentation 1 Psychiatrische
Klinik und Poliklinik der Freien Universität Berlin In therapy-resistant
depression the efficacy of lithium augmentation (LA) has been shown in
a series of well-designed, placebo-controlled studies (1,2). Identification
of predictors of a favorable response to LA would be very useful to the
clinician, however, sufficient data is lacking (3). We performed two studies
on that question. (1) Bauer M, Döpfmer S. J Clin
Psychopharmacology 19 (1999) 427-434. Dopamine D1 receptors
are expressed in oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing neurons of rat paraventricular
nucleus of hypothalamus The extensive body of literature supports an important role for the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) in mediating the integration between endocrine and nervous systems. PVN consists of two main neurosecretory components: magnocellular and parvocellular. Magnocellular neurons produce oxytocin and vasopressin and send their processes to the neural part of pituitary gland. Parvocellular neurons give rise to a substantial input to the median eminence and contain among other CRF. It is already well known that PVN receives dopaminergic innervation. Several data showed also the presence of dopamine D1 receptors binding sites as well as their mRNA in the PVN. In order to define anatomical and cellular localization of dopamine D1 receptor protein in above mentioned brain structure and to establish hormonal characterization of PVN neurons expressing D1 receptors, classic immunohistochemistry and double-labeling immunofluorescence methods were used with highly specific antibodies recognizing: C-terminal fragment of D1 receptor and hypothalamic neuropeptides, i.e. vasopressin and oxytocin. Dopamine D1 receptors were found in numerous neurons of the PVN, especially in its magnocellular part. Immunolabeling was mainly restricted to neuronal perikarya, however occasionally faintly stained dendritic processes were also observed. Analysis of series of consecutive PVN sections immunostained for D1 receptors, vasopressin or oxytocin revealed also that these receptors and neuropeptides have very similar pattern of anatomical distribution. In double-labeling immunofluorescence experiments we found that many oxytocin- and almost all vasopressin-containing neurons expressed D1 receptors, as well. Our present study gives an anatomical evidence for possible direct (via D1 receptors) engagement of dopaminergic system in regulation of endocrine functions. Apolipoprotein
e gene Polymorphismen and Manifestation of Wilson’s Disease 1 2nd
Dept. Of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland Wilson’s disease is an autosomal
recessive disorder - abnormal gene has been identified on chromosome 13.
The underlying deficit is an impairment of metabolism and storage of copper
and its accumulation in different organs: liver, brain, cornea, kidney
and bones. The predominance of copper accumulation in these places leads
to other forms of Wilson’s disease: hepatic, neurological or asymptopmatic.
The age of the onset of first symptoms ranges from three to more than
50 years of age. A connection between different ApoE genotypes and age
of manifestance and perspective of various human disorders was documentated.
Epidemiological studies have established that the E4 allele is an important
risk factor for sporadic and familiar Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s
disease, temporal late epilepsy and poor clinical outcome after brain
injury or stroke. We examined the possibility of a correlation between
ApoE genotype and age and clinical form of the Wilson’s disease onset. Corticosterone-induced
changes in tyrosine hydroxylase and in dopamine metabolism Increasing preclinical and
clinical evidence suggest that alterations of the stress hormone system
play a major role in the development of many psychiatric disorders. For
example It has been shown that these hormones may increase sensitivity
and vulnerability to the effects of addictive psychostimulants. In this
respect a special interest has been paid to the impact of glucocorticoids
on the dopaminergic system, since the dopaminergic neurotransmission has
been regarded as the most important factor in the phenomenon of addiction.
In our study we investigated the effect of prolonged treatment with corticosterone
(10 mg/kg s.c. twice daily, for 7 days) on the biosynthesis of tyrosine
hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. In addition,
the effect of corticosterone on dopamine metabolism was also evaluated.
We found that corticosterone increased the level of mRNA encoding tyrosine
hydroxylase in substantia nigra and in ventral tegmental area of the rat
brain, while the level of the enzyme protein was slightly increased in
the nucleus accumbens only. Further we found that the levels of
dopamine and its metabolites were significantly decreased by corticosterone
in ventral tegmental area and prefrontal cortex, whereas there were no
changes in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacological
evaluation of tricyclic pyrimido[2,1-f]purinodiones potency as adenosine
receptor ligands and anticonvulsants Adenosine is present in all
tissues in the mammalian organism, where it has a variety of important
physiological functions. The action of adenosine as neuromodulator occurs
through stimulation of specific A1, A2A, A2B
and A3 receptors, which belong to the family of G-protein-coupled
receptors. Adenosine receptors ligands are currently being developed as
promising novel therapeutics for CNS diseases: neurodegeneration (Alzheimer,
Parkinson’s diseases), brain ischemia, pain, convulsions. Neuropsychobiologische
Mechanismen der transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (rTMS) Die Wirkmechanismen der repetitiven
transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (rTMS) werden derzeit intensiv erforscht.
Einen wesentlichen Beitrag dazu können funktionelle Bildgebung und Neuropsychologie
leisten. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Nuklearmedizinischen Abteilung der
Universität Regensburg wurde die Beeinflussung des Aktivitätszustandes
relevanter ZNS-Strukturen mittels ECD-SPECT unter rTMS-Therapie untersucht.
Eingeschlossen wurden 26 Patienten mit der Diagnose einer Major Depression
nach DSM IV. In Analogie zu anderen antidepressiven Therapiestrategien,
wie medikamentöse Behandlung oder Elektrokrampftherapie zeigte sich die
Aktivität des anterioren Cingulums vor Behandlung als wesentlicher Prädiktor
hinsichtlich der Therapie-Response. Comparative Remission
Analysis Between Venlafaxine and Paroxetine Objective:
To compare response rates and absence of depressed mood (ADM) among venlafaxine-
and paroxetine-treated patients. Remission Rates
With Different Venlafaxine Dosage and Baseline Severity vs SSRIs in MDD Objective: To
evaluate various dosages of venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs), and placebo in the treatment and remission of major
depressive disorder (MDD). DSM-IV diagnoses
at admission and the risk of switching from depression into hypomania
or mania Treatment of depression
is complicated by the risk of switching into hypomania or mania (Angst
1985), the risk of switching being particularly high (1:4) in bipolar
I depression (Bottlender et al. 1998). We compared the switch risk of
in-patients with depressive symptomatology according to DSM-IV diagnoses.
(1) Angst J. Switch from
depression to mania - a record study over decades between 1920 and
1982. Psychopathology 18(2-3):140-54, 1985 S100B ist bei melancholisch
depressiven Patienten im Gegensatz zu nicht-melancholisch depressiven
Patienten erhöht Das Neurotrophin S100B wird
im ZNS von Astrozyten gebildet und wirkt autokrin sowie parakrin auf Neurone
und Gliazellen. Bei ischämischen oder toxischen Gehirnschädigungen sowie
bei Erkrankungen des Gehirnes wie Multiple Sklerose, Alzheimer-Demenz
und Schizophrenie wird eine Erhöhung des Serumspiegels von S100B berichtet.
Um biologische Hinweise auf Unterformen der Depression mit möglicherweise
unterschiedlicher Ätiologie oder Pathogenese zu gewinnen, wurden 28 depressive
Patienten nach DSM IV-Kriterien in melancholischen (N=16) und nicht-melancholischen
Subtyp (N=12) unterteilt. S100B wurde immunfluorimetrisch aus dem Serum
bestimmt. Bei melancholisch depressiven Patienten fand sich eine signifikante
Erhöhung von S100B im Vergleich zu nicht-melancholisch depressiven Patienten
sowie einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe. Impact of MK-801
a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors on mRNA encoding tyrosine
hydroxylase in rat ventral tegmental area The present study has two major goals. For the first to investigate whether MK-801, non-competitive antagonists of NMDA receptors, in dose which evoked prominent psychotomimetic effects is capable to altered mRNA encoding the synthesis and protein content of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, a major sources of mesolimbic/mesocortical and mesostriatal dopaminergic systems. For the secondly to investigate whether NMDA-R1 receptor subunit, indispensable element of functioning NMDA receptor is present on dopaminergic neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase positive) of ventral tegemental area and substantia nigra i.e. whether drugs operating via NMDA receptors may directly influenced the activity of dopaminergic cells. It was found that MK-801 (0.4 mg/kg) enhanced mRNA of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, and that above effects was observed 2 and 24 hour after administration of MK-801. In contrast of to mRNA levels the content of tyrosine hydroxylase protein in both regions of the rat brain was unchanged after MK-801 (also 0.4 mg/kg). In immunocytochemical studies we found the NMDA-R1 positive immunoreactivity has been co-localized with tyrosine hydroxylase suggesting that, if NMDA-R1 subunit is coassembled by other subunits of NMDA receptor ion channel complex they may directly control the activity of dopaminergic system from levels of cell bodies. It is concluded that increased activity of dopaminergic neurons after non-competitive antagonists of NMDA receptors is also observed on the level of mRNA encoding synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase and above increase possibly adapts the rate of dopamine synthesis to demands of high rate of dopamine release observed after non-competitive antagonists of NMDA receptors. Moreover localization of NMDA-R1 subunit on the dopaminergic neurons may, on the anatomical level, suggest that antagonist of NMDA receptors may directly influence the rate of dopamine synthesis from the level of cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons. Contribution of
Serotonin 5-HT2A, but not 5-HT2C Receptors in the
Expression of Cocaine Sensitisation in Rats Sensitisation to cocaine
is characterized by an augmentation of behavioural and neurochemical effects,
after discontinuing a regimen of repeated, intermittent drug injections
(1). Widely used in animal laboratory, sensitisation to cocaine models
paranoia, craving and relapse in humans (1). A lot of studies have demonstrated
that the mesolimbic dopamine system is a neurobiological substrate sustaining
cocaine sensitisation, however, influence of excitatory amino acids or
serotonin (5-HT) has also been demonstrated (1, 2, 3). The present study
investigated the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors
on the development or the expression of sensitisation to cocaine in rats,
using the selective antagonists at these receptors.
Anxiolytic-like
effects of Kava-Kava in the elevated plus maze test - a comparison with
diazepam Kava-Kava, a drug derived from a traditional psychoactive beverage used in the South Pacific, is known for tranquillizing and anxiolytic effects. Preparations from the Piper methysticum G. Forster containing kavapyrones have anxiolytic and mild sedative effects in man. To our knowledge there are no data concerning the efficacy of Kava-Kava in animal tests of anxiety. This study was carried out to compare the anxiolytic potential of Kava-Kava extract LI 150 with diazepam. Acute effects of diazepam and a Kava-Kava preparation, compared to their respective controls, were examined in Wistar rats, using the elevated plus maze. The time spent on open arms, the percentage of open-arm visits and parameters describing the risk-assessment were evaluated. LI 150 (120-240 mg/kg p.o.) affected the behaviour measured in the elevated plus maze test, inducing behavioural effects like diazepam (15 mg/kg p.o.). These data support the use of Kava-Kava in the treatment of anxiety. P-Glycoprotein
Affects the Ability of Citalopram, Trimipramine and D-Trimipramine to
Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a 1280
amino-acid glycosylated plasma membrane protein, which is a product of
the multiple-drug resistance gene. The phylogenetically highly conserved
molecule is a transport protein which can be found in the apical membrane
of endothelial cells that line small blood capillaries and form the blood-brain
barrier (BBB). Through ATP hydrolysis, it transports substrates against
a concentration gradient across the (BBB). Different Markers
of Immune System Activation in Stroke There is recent evidence that
the immune response plays an essential role in pathogenesis and clinical
course of the ischemic stroke.
Observed in our study humoral
immune system activation could follow vascular injury. They could also
be a result of chronic or acute infection preceding stroke incidence.
We demonstrated the Chlamydia pneumoniae - specific immune complexes in
52.2% of patients (vs. 27.1% controls) and CMV-specific immune complexes
in 69.4% of patients (vs. 11.3% controls). Klinische Wertigkeit
der repetitiven transkraniellen Magnetstimulatioin (rTMS) in der Depressionsbehandlung Das klassische Einsatzgebiet
der repetitiven transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (rTMS) ist die Behandlung
depressiver Störungen. Hinsichtlich der Wirkung dieses Verfahrens erfolgt
ein Review aller bis dato publizierten Studien mit rTMS in der Depressionsbehandlung. Der Zusammenhang
zwischen dem Verlauf der Depression und depressions-charakteristischen
polysomnographischen Merkmalen Die Vorverlagerung des REM-Schlafs
und eine Reduktion der Tiefschlafmenge gelten neben der Störung der Schlafkontinuität
als charakteristische polysomnographische Merkmale akuter Depression.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen einzelnen dieser polysomnographisch erhobenen,
depressions-charakteristischen Parameter mit der Ansprechbarkeit auf eine
antidepressive Therapie wurde mehrfach untersucht. Zudem wurde in wenigen
Studien das Schlafprofil depressiver Patienten während akuter Depression
und nach Remission evaluiert, wobei sich Hinweise auf eine persistierende
Verkürzung der REM-Latenz und eine Reduktion des Tiefschlafs fanden. Diese
Befunde wurden als Vorliegen einer biologischen Narbe der Erkrankung auch
während der psychopathologischen Remission interpretiert, die möglicherweise
mit einem erhöhten Rückfallrisiko assoziiert ist. Diese Annahme wurde
bisher jedoch nicht explizit untersucht. Elektroenzephalographische
und peripherphysiologische Korrelate der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung
(PTB) als Indikatoren für die Wirksamkeit eines kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen
Therapieprogramms Bei der Entstehung
und Aufrechterhaltung der Symptomatik einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsreaktion
(PTB) werden eine Reihe von psychobiologischen Faktoren diskutiert. Ein
Großteil dieser Annahmen basiert auf psychophysiologischen Befunden, in
denen DSM-IV-Charakteristika der PTB laborexperimentell objektiviert werden
konnten, wie z.B. eine erhöhte physiologische Reagibilität auf Reize und
Situationen, die an das traumatische Ereignis erinnern, sowie eine erhöhte
Schreckreaktion. Psychophysiologische Parameter (insbesondere die Herzfrequenz,
der Schreckreflex und die P3-Amplitude des ereigniskorrelierten Potentials)
waren in der Lage, Traumaopfer mit und ohne PTB korrekt zu klassifizieren.
Auch als Prädiktor für den spontanen Symptomverlauf und eine Symptomverbesserung
nach kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischer Intervention sind psychophysiologische
Parameter herangezogen worden, die eine Reduktion peripherphysiologischer
Reagibilität indizieren.
Attenuation of
hyperactivity of the stress hormone system leads to a normalization of
hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission in hyperanxious rats Disturbances in serotonergic
neurotransmission are likely to be involved in the pathophysiology of
major depression and have been shown to be closely interlinked with hyperactivity
of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neuronal circuits (Linthorst
et al. 1997). In male hyperanxious (HAB) compared to hypoanxious (LAB)
rats the outcome of the combined dexamethasone (DEX)/ CRH test is aberrant
with striking parallels to depressed patients. Moreover, exposure to stress
results in a blunted increase in serotonin in hippocampal dialysates in
HAB rats. To monitor the effects of chronic antidepressant drug treatment
on HPA system and serotonergic function, HAB and LAB rats were chronically
treated with paroxetine. The outcome of the DEX/CRH test was normalized
after 9 weeks of treatment with paroxetine in male HAB rats. Furthermore,
the stress-induced rise in hippocampal serotonin was markedly increased.
This is in accordance with the hypothesis that hyperactivity of central
CRH circuits leads to impaired raphe-hippocampal neurotransmission. The prospective
assessment of course and recurrence of depression. The clinical, social
and economic effects. Objective: The aim
of the study was to compare costs of treatment and its effects of the
first episode with the following episodes of depression.
The estimation
of threats of depressive disorders among students of Collegium Medicum
and secondary school pupils in Kraków, Poland. The symptoms of depression
may occur in every period of life, although the second decade is the time
of the biggest susceptibility. In this period of adolescence a young man
is confronting his/her own conception about himself/herself with real
life situation what can lead to less advantageous image of this person. The Contricution
of psycho-social Determinants in suicide Attempts based on Cases from
the Department of Clinical Toxicology College of Medicine of the Jagiellonian
University in Kraków in the years 1997-2000 In the recent years the number
of people committing suicide is increasing all over the world, also in
Poland. The increasing tendency to commit suicides is particularly disturbing
among teenagers and very young people. The data coming from the Clinic
of Toxicology of Collegium Medicum UJ confirms this tendency. Nationale Insomnie
Awareness und Screening Studie – NISAS Studienziel:
Ermittlung der Stichtagsprävalenz und des Erkennens von Schlafstörungen
in der hausärztlichen Praxis. Gibt es ein therapeutisches
Fenster von Paroxetin ? Paroxetin (PAR) führt zu einer
selektiven Hemmung der Wiederaufnahme von Serotonin (SSRI). Außerdem konnte
ein Abfall der Empfindlichkeit von Serotonin Autorezeptoren während längerer
Behandlung beobachtet werden. Im Vergleich zu den anderen SSRI’s Fluoxetin,
Fluvoxamin, Sertralin und Citalopram hat PAR die höchste Affinität zu
dem Cytochrom P450 Isoenzym 2D6. Es wird angenommen, daß CYP2D6 das wichtigste
Enzym für den Abbau des PAR ist.
Es finden sich vielfältige Wechselwirkungen mit der Nebenmedikation. In 1088 Fällen konnte zusätzlich retrospektiv aus den Krankenakten der Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Wert ermittelt werden. Die Verbesserung des Scores dividiert durch die Dauer der PAR Behandlung wurde mit der PAR Konzentration verglichen. Summarisch ergibt sich, daß ein Überschreiten der PAR Konzentration von 130 ng/ml unnötig erscheint. The hypnotic effects
of the GABAA receptor agonist gaboxadol Many hypnotics, including benzodiazepines, zolpidem and zopiclone, are agonistic modulators of GABAA receptors. Such compounds reliably increase the ability to fall and stay asleep, but inhibit REM sleep and deep sleep, as indexed by a reduction in slow wave sleep (SWS) and/or slow wave activity (SWA) in the EEG within non-REM sleep. On the other hand, they may rapidly lose their somnogenic action during chronic treatment, while abrupt withdrawal often produces transient sleep disturbances. Previous studies demonstrated that the selective GABAA receptor agonist gaboxadol has distinct effects on sleep. In rats, it dose-dependently increases non-REM sleep time, the duration of the sleep episodes and SWA (1). All effects persist during subchronic treatment (2). Likewise, in young subjects gaboxadol increases both sleep efficiency, SWS and SWA (1). These observations indicate that gaboxadol is able to increase sleep continuity and to promote deep sleep, without disrupting REM sleep. To assess whether gaboxadol has potential as a treatment strategy for sleep disturbances, we performed several studies investigating its effects on sleep of poor quality. It is well established that aging is associated with dramatic decreases in sleep continuity and intensity. In the first double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we examined the influence of an oral dose of 15 mg gaboxadol on nocturnal sleep in healthy elderly volunteers. Gaboxadol significantly reduced perceived sleep onset latency and elevated self-estimated total sleep time. Furthermore, it increased sleep efficiency, due to a decrease in intermittent wakefulness, and powerfully augmented SWA (3). Thus, gaboxadol seems able to reverse typical age-related sleep changes. Daytime naps are known to deteriorate the quality of sleep during the subsequent night. In the following experiment, we studied the influence of 20 mg gaboxadol on sleep in healthy young subjects in a model of disturbed sleep using a late afternoon nap. In agreement with the literature, the nap prolonged sleep onset latency, decreased total sleep time, particularly SWS, and attenuated SWA during the placebo night. Gaboxadol appeared to effectively counteract all disrupting effects of the nap (4). These findings suggest that gaboxadol, in addition to promoting deep sleep and sleep maintenance, is able to facilitate sleep initiation under conditions of suboptimal sleep quality and may be promising for the treatment of various sleep disturbances. Psychopharmaka
während der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit Die psychopharmakologische
Behandlung während der Schwangerschaft ruft bei den Patienten und bei
den Ärzten nach wie vor viele Ängste hervor. Bisher ist kein Psychopharmakon
ausdrücklich für die Therapie von Schwangeren zugelassen. Jede Verordnung
erfolgt während dieser Periode im Rahmen der Therapiefreiheit des Arztes. Besonderheiten
der Psychopharmakotherapie bei Frauen Responsraten, Plasmaspiegel
der Medikamente und Nebenwirkungsraten von Antidepressiva und Tranquilizern
sind ebenso geschlechtsspezifisch unterschiedlich. Menstruation, Schwangerschaft,
Stillzeit und Perimenopause beeinflussen durch die physiologischen hormonellen
Veränderungen, aber auch eine Hormonsubstitution durch orale Kontrazeptiva
und die Hormonsubstitutionsbehandlung in der Perimenopause, die Pharmakokinetik
und die Pharmakodynamik psychotroper Medikamente, die zur Behandlung und
Vorbeugung affektiver Erkrankungen eingesetzt werden. Oft erst in der
Postmenopause werden die Geschlechtsunterschiede wieder aufgehoben. Background:
The cause of pathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disturbance
in the equilibrium between the reactive forms of oxygen and the antioxidative
mechanisms. One of the possible expanation of this oxidative stress is
a perturbation in antioxidations, especially enzymatic system. Entwicklung der
Core Battery "Bel-Air" zur Psychotherapie-evaluation in der ambulanten,
tagesstationären und stationären psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Versorgung Für die Psychotherapieevaluation
in den verschiedenen Formen der psychiatrischen Dienste (stationär, tagesstationär,
ambulant) wurde in der Genfer Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik "Bel
Air" eine Kernbatterie psychometrischer und psychosozialer Evaluationsmittel
entwickelt. Grundsätze der Entwicklung waren: (1) die Mehrebenenerfassung:
(i) Beschwerden/Symptome, (ii) Diagnosen, (iii) Interpersonelle Fähigkeiten
und (iv) Soziale Rollen/Soziales Funktionieren sowie (2) die valide zeitökonomische
Messung durch kurze bzw. ultrakurze Messinstrumente. Diese bestehen aus
etablierten (Brief Symptom Inventory, BSI; Clinical Global Impression,
CGI) und neu entwickelten Verfahren (Questionnaire d`évaluation de relation;
Fredenrich, Zinetti et al., 2000; Questionnaire de Fonctionnement Social,
Zanello, Weber et al., 2000). Alle Verfahren wurden zunächst in französischer
Sprache entwickelt, danach ins Deutsche und ins Katalanische (Zusammenarbeit
mit Universitätsklinik Barcelona) übersetzt. Vorgestellt werden die Validierungsdaten
aus der Genfer Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik (ca. N = 90), von Patienten
mit Psychosen des schizophrenen und des affektiven Formenkreises von Tagesklinik
und Institutsambulanz sowie Daten gesunder Kontrollpersonen. Diese zeigen,
dass die neuentwickelten Instrumente reliabel und valide sind. Im Ausblick
werden erste Prä-Post-Daten der Psychotherapieevaluation mit der "Bel
Air"-Batterie sowie deren Einsatzmöglichkeiten in psychotherapeutischen
und pharmakotherapeutischen Studien dargestellt. Maercker, A. et al. (2001). Evaluation de psychothérapie groupale. In J. Gúimon (Ed.). Psychothérapies de groupe. Paris: Masson. Depression-Free
Days and CGI-S: A Venlafaxine, SSRI and Placebo Comparison Objective:
To estimate depression-free days (DFDs) and sustained low Clinical Global
Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) among venlafaxine immediate release
(IR) or extended release (XR) [VEN/VEN XR]-, selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor (SSRI)-, and placebo-treated patients. Immunomodulating
effect of interferon-b -1a in multiple sclerosis patients after one year
therapy. The aim of the study
was to find out whether INF-b -1a influences immune profile of peripheral
blood (PB) in MS patients. We have studied 20 out-patients (11 women and
9 men) at age 21 to 52 with relapsing-remitting form of MS. The mean duration
of MS was 10.95 years but the EDSS score did not exceed 4.0 in the moment
of entering the study. All patients received 6 MIU of INF-b -1a once a
week. Response and Remission
as Targets in Long-Term Therapy of GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive anxiety and worry.
Remission from GAD is rare, and the majority of patients remain symptomatic
over many years. Einfluß der Zolpidem
und Midazolam Einnahme auf das Schlaf-EEG Power Spektrum Das Ziel der Arbeit war es,
den Einfluß eines Nichtbenzodiazepinpräparates, das sich auf den Rezeptorenkomplex
GABAA/BZ auswirkt – Zolpidem und eines klassischen Benzodiazepins
– Midazolam, auf die polysomnographische Aufzeichnung auszuwerten. Analysis of peripheral
blood leukocyte immunophenotype during the oral hydrolytic enzyme treatment
of multiple sclerosis patients Phlogenzym® is a representative of systemic enzyme therapy. This is a special therapeutic approach consisting in the oral application of high doses hydrolytic animal and plant enzyme combinations. The test determination how multiple sclerosis (MS) is influenced by enzyme therapy, performed on the anima model of MS – experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) – revealed that Phlogenzym® can prevent EAE development in susceptible mice. There was suggested that preparation selectively cleavages accessory molecules on antigen presenting cells thereby modulating the activation threshold for T-cells. The study objective was to find out whether the immune profile of peripheral blood (PB) leukocytes is influenced by oral hydrolytic enzyme therapy during 18 months observation of MS patients, participating in randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study on enzyme therapy - ESEMS. We have studied 29 patients with MS who were randomly divided in two groups receiving Phlogenzym® (each tablet contains: bromelain 90 mg, trypsin 48 mg and rutin 100 mg) (n= 15) or placebo (n=14). Analysis of PB leukocytes was carried out by flow cytometry. The following antigens were determined: CD45, CD14, CD3, CD2, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD11a, CD18, CD19, CD44, CD54, CD56, CD69, TCR g d . Analysis of variance revealed no significant effect of Phlogenzym® on immunophenotype of PB lymphocytes and granulocytes. Our findings have not confirmed reports about modification of adhesion molecule expression by such preparations in MS patients. Role of Serotonin2
Receptor Subtypes in the Cocaine-evoked Locomotor Hyperactivity in Rats Brain mesolimbic dopamine
(DA) system is critical for the generation of cocaine effects in rodents
(1). At the same time, it was demonstrated that serotonin (5-HT) affects
DA neurotransmission, and modulate cocaine behaviors. Our previous results
supported a role for 5-HT1B receptors in cocaine-evoked hyperactivity
(4), but not discriminative stimulus effects of that psychostimulant (3).
The role of orexins
in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep-related disorder, occurring in 1-3 per 10,000 persons causing life-long disability due to sleepiness, cataplexies and other symptoms. Dogs displaying a defective Orx-2 receptor, which recognises recently discovered hypothalamic peptides called orexins (or hypocretins), suffer from an autosomal dominant form of narcolepsy. Mice with a genetic defect in the prepro-orexin gene also display symptoms strikingly similar to the human disorder. Although narcolepsy clusters in families, in the vast majority of patients no genetic defect in the orexin system has been discovered. Rather, the disease shows an extraordinary strong association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602 (> 95%). This association has been suggested to indicate that narcolepsy may be caused by autoimmune processes. However, so far in patients no consistent immunological abnormalities have been discovered. Hence, the major questions that must be answered at present are: (1) What is the exact role of orexins in the regulation of sleep and wakelfulness and (2) What mechanisms cause orexin deficiency in narcolepsy. Answers to these questions are likely not only to enable the development of specific treatments for narcolepsy, but they also might considerably support the progress of sleep medicine in general. Potential neuroprotective
effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in vitro
and in vivo: hypothesis and possible mechanisms The results of recent rTMS-studies allow one to speculate about potential neuroprotective effects of this technique: First, we failed to find cognitive impairments or structural alterations in rat brains after 11 weeks of long-term treatment with rTMS. In contrast, acute electromagnetical stimulation increased the viability of HT-22 cells and had a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stressors such as glutamate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and amyloid beta; substances that are known to cause oxidative cell damage in these cells. Moreover, the magnetic stimulation increased the release of the potentially neuroprotective secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) into the supernatant of HT-22 cells and into cerebrospinal fluid of rats. Consistently, HT-22 cells preincubated with cerebrospinal fluid from long-term rTMS-treated rats were found to be protected against potent oxidative stressors. Further, the activity of the transcription factor NF-k B was found to be unchanged in HT-22 cells and in rat cortex after electromagnetical stimulation. The role of NF-k B in oxidative stress and cell survival/apoptosis is well established and the suppression of the NF-k B activity has been shown to be neuroprotective depending on the experimental and cellular paradigm and on the mode and kinetics of action. Further, not only the increase of sAPP release but also changes of other factors like the increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at the mRNA and protein level in cortical regions and hippocampus may play a role in explaining the potential neuroprotective effect of rTMS. Chronic rTMS treatment increased BDNF mRNA and protein level in specific areas of rat brains, namely in the CA3 region of the hippocampal pyramidal and in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Based on these findings we surmise that rTMS is useful in reducing the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. Glucocorticoid
Receptor Inhibition by Targeting Heat Shock Protein 90 Bei depressiven Patienten wird
in der Regel eine Überfunktion der HPA-Achse gefunden, die häufig mit
einer verminderten Funktionalität der Corticosteroid-rezeptoren einhergeht.
Ziel des Projektes ist es daher, zelluläre und pharma-kologische Parameter
zu identifizieren und zu charakterisieren, die die Funktionalität der
Corticosteroidrezeptoren beeinflussen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei
der Rolle der Chaperonmoleküle geschenkt. Chaperone (Hitze-Schock-Proteine,
Hsp) sind Proteine, die von einem Teil der zellulären Proteine für die
korrekte Faltung benötigt werden. Generalisiertes
Angstsyndrom und Panikstörung: Wie effektiv ist Psychotherapie? Die Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit
psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen von Angststörungen hat in den letzten
20 Jahren eine schier unübersehbare Flut von Veröffentlichungen hervorgerufen.
Bei genauerer Durchsicht der Studien beziehen sich aber die meisten auf
Agoraphobie und spezifische Phobien. Andere Angststörungen wie die Panikstörung
ohne Agoraphobie und die generalisierte Angststörung sind vergleichsweise
selten untersucht worden. Neuroendocrine
effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) Dysregulation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system is one of the major abnormalities
found in major depression and normalizes after succesful antidepressant
pharmacotherapy (1). In contrast to psychopharmacological approaches neuroendocrine
investigations during nonpharmacological treatment of depression are limited.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a new therapeutic
strategy in major depression with a favorable side effect profile. Therefore,
we investigated HPA system activity in relation to rTMS treatment outcome.
In medication-free depressed patients there was a response rate of 39%
with a reduction of a least 50% of the HRSD score after two weeks of rTMS
monotherapy. Responders could be further stabilized by subsequent mirtazapine
treatment for additional four weeks. 69% of rTMS nonresponders showed
a favorable response to mirtazapine treatment. While rTMS induced an immediate
cortisol and ACTH release in healthy controls, this was absent in depressed
patients. Assessment of HPA system activity by means of a combined dexamethasone/CRH
challenge (DEX/CRH test) revealed a hyperactivity of the HPA system both
in nonresponders and responders to rTMS. After rTMS, there was an enhanced
suppressibility of cortisol by dexamethasone in rTMS responders compatible
with an enhanced glucocorticoid receptor mediated feed back of the HPA
system. However, rTMS did not affect the cortisol stimulation following
CRH challenge. Thus, the effects of rTMS on the DEX/CRH test appear to
be different from those observed with antidepressants. Moreover, the persisting
cortisol hypersecretion during the DEX/CRH test in rTMS reponders underlines
the necessity of an immediate maintainance therapy in rTMS responders
to prevent clinical relapse. Assessment of HPA system activity during
rTMS treatment may help to elucidate the mechanism of action of nonpharmacological
treatment options in major depression. Holsboer, F. Neuropsychopharmacology 23 (2000), 477-501; Nutritional value
of fat in the Polish daily food rations (DFR’s) taken by healthy and with
self-declared depression subjects There is some evidence suggesting
that an imbalance in the ratio of the essential fatty acids (EFA) and
/or deficiency in n-3 fatty acids may be responsible for the heightened
depressive symptoms associated with low plasma cholesterol. To evaluate
this hypothesis the relationship between the nutritional value of fatty
acids with a special attention to their intake and the self-declared depression
state of subjects was examined. Cortisol-induced
effects on slow wave sleep (SWS) dissociate from sleep associated GH release
in patients with MDE – influence of the HPA axis function The state of a Major Depression
is typically associated with a hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis and distinct sleep abnormalities. The aim of this study was
to investigate whether 1) cortisol stimulates slow-wave sleep (SWS) and
suppresses REM sleep in patients with Major Depression as this was shown
repeatedly in healthy subjects, and 2) whether the effects on the sleep
EEG are related to the function of the HPA axis. Fifteen depressed inpatients
participated in the study. They underwent the combined dexamethasone corticotropin-
releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test before spending 4 consecutive nights
in our sleep laboratories (adaptation, baseline, placebo, verum: hydrocortisone
1mg/kg BW, hourly injections 7 p.m.-6 a.m.). Polysomnographic sleep recordings
were analyzed visually according to conventional criteria. The digitized
EEG data were submitted to a serial spectral analysis (FFT, EEG power
spectrum from 0.39-19.1 Hz ; frequency resolution 0.39 Hz). Mutationsanalyse
von BAG-1 Bei vielen depressiven
Patienten sowie bei vielen gesunden Individuen mit erhöhtem genetischen
Risiko für die Entwicklung einer depressiven Erkrankung ist die Funktion
des Corticosteroidrezeptors gestört. In vielen Fällen wurde bei Glucocorticoidinsensitivität
keine Mutation im Rezeptor gefunden, sodaß in diesen Fällen die Ursache
in regulierenden Cofaktoren gesucht werden muß. Für den Glucocorticoidrezeptor
(GR) können auf zellulärer Ebene grob zwei Klassen von regulierenden Cofaktoren
unterschieden werden, nämlich die im Kern lokalisierten und die zytosolischen,
die weitgehend identisch sind mit den sogenannten "Chaperonen". Chaperone
sind allgemein Proteine, die anderen bei der Faltung assistieren. Im Falle
der Corticoid-Signaltransduktion werden sie benötigt, um den GR in eine
Konformation zu überführen, in der er mit hoher Affinität an Corticosteroide
binden kann. Psychopathology
in patients with Wilson’s disease We examined 67 patients
with Wilson’s disease (WD) to determine the pattern of psychopathology
in the neurological form of WD (n=50) and in the asymptomatic WD patients
(n=17). All patients were examined with The Hopkins Symptom Checklist,
self-report symptom rating scale, to assess seven factors: somatizations,
agitated depression, retarded depression, obsessive-compulsive, anger-hostility,
phobic anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity.
Acoustic Startle
reflex modulation in sons of alcohol-dependent fathers This study investigates whether
ethanol has a differential effect on the startle reflex in subjects at
high genetic risk for alcoholism. We studied 33 family history positive
(FHP) males (age 18-24) without alcohol or substance dependence. They
were compared to 32 family history negative (FHN) controls matched for
age, sex, and history of anxiety disorders. Individual and family history
was scrutinized by direct Composite International Diagnostic Interviews.
Unmodulated acoustic startle reflex was elicited by binaural presentation
of 50ms bursts of white noise at 103 dB(A) prior to and after drinking
0.6 g/kg ethanol or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
crossover design. After basal measurements, consecutive experimental blocks
were performed to compare startle reflex with and without modulation by:
(i) 40 ms tones of 1000 Hz at 86 dB(A) presented 120 ms before startle
stimuli to produce prepulse inhibition (PPI), (ii) threat of unpleasant
electric finger stimuli to measure fear potentiation, (iii) presentation
of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral visual stimuli taken from the International
Affective Picture System (P.J. Lang, 1988), and (iv) repeating the PPI
experiment. Effects of Melanocortin
and Opioid Receptor Ligands in Animal Model of Neuropathic Pain. Melanocortins and
opioids both are located in spinal structures and might interact in nociceptive
processes. In neuropathic pain opioids are known to be less effective
than in acute or inflammatory pain states. In our study, we compared spinal
effects of the opioids: morphine, DAMGO (a selective m -opioid receptor
agonist) and endomorphin-1 (EM-1), with those of the melanocortins: MT
II, a potent melanocortin receptor agonist, and SHU 9119, a melanocortin
receptor antagonist, in a rat model of neuropathic pain. The experiment
was carried out on male Wistar rats which had cannulas chronically implanted
in the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. The influence of the selected
compounds on allodynia was observed using a tactile (von Frey) and thermal
allodynia tests in rats with unilateral sciatic nerve ligation. DAMGO
(0.1-0.5 m g i.th.) and EM-1 (2.5-10m g i.th.) inhibited mechanical and
cold allodynia, while morphine (10-30 m g i.th.) was much less potent.
Both tactile and cold allodynia was reduced by SHU 9119 (0.15-1.5 m g
i.th.), which was active at significantly lower doses than any of the
opioids. In contrast, MT II administration (0.03- 0.5 m g i.th.) enhanced
allodynia. Furthermore, MT II influenced the response of uninjured paw,
and allodynia was observed bilaterally. Mixed-Effects-Models
in der psychiatrischen Längsschnittforschung Mit dem Verfahren
des Mixed-Effects-Modelling stehen neuerdings statistische Analysemöglichkeiten
zur Verfügung, die insbesondere bei längsschnittlichen Datensätzen den
üblichen ANOVA-Modellen überlegen sind. Mixed-Effects-Models gestatten
unter anderem die Einbeziehung von Datensätzen mit fehlenden Werten, unterschiedlichen
Messzeitpunkten, zeitvarianten und –invarianten Kovariaten sowie mehreren
abhängigen Variablen. The role of peptides
and steroids in normal and pathological sleep regulation During depression and normal aging similar changes of sleep-endocrine activity occur. Slow wave sleep [SWS] and growth hormone [GH] decrease, REM sleep is desinhibited and cortisol increases. We investigated the role of peptides and of steroids in normal and pathological sleep regulation. Under repetitive iv GH-releasing hormone [GHRH] (2200 to 0100) SWS and GH increased and cortisol was blunted in young men, whereas corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH] prompted opposite effects. A sexually dimorphic effect of GHRH was found in depressed patients (19-76 years) and matched controls. In males nonREM sleep increased and wakefulness, ACTH and cortisol decreased. In women, however, opposite effects occurred regardless of diagnosis. A longacting somatostatin analogue led to a decrease of SWS in young men. After iv neuropeptide Y [NPY] sleep latency was shortened in young men, in depressed patients of both sexes and matched controls. ACTH and cortisol were blunted in young men only after NPY. Acute administration of cortisol enhanced SWS and GH in young and elderly controls. Subchronic treatment with methylprednisolone in female patients with multiple sclerosis induced changes of sleep EEG similar to those seen in depression. Our data suggest, that CRH interacts with GHRH and with NPY as well reciprocally in sleep regulation. A synergism of elevated levels of CRH and cortisol appears to contribute to the sleep-endocrine changes in depression. GHRH promotes nonREM sleep at least in men. NPY induces sleep onset similar to benzodiazepines. CRH and somatostatin impair sleep. The efficiency of GHRH is reduced, when CRH activity is enhanced. In females its effect is even converted into opposite direction. On the other hand GHRH is capable to counteract the influence of CRH in male patients with depression. In both sexes the sleep-inducing effect of NPY is preserved in depression. We expect that these finding are leads for the development of novel psychotropic and hypnotic drugs. Anxiolytische Aktivität
von atrialem natriuretischen Peptid (ANP) Das atriale natriuretische
Peptid (ANP) ist bisher das einzige Peptidhormon für das beim Menschen
eine hemmende Wirkung auf das HPA-System beschrieben ist. Bei Patienten
mit einer Panikstörung und laktatinduzierten Panikattacken findet sich
eine vermehrte Freisetzung von ANP als mögliche Erklärung für die paradoxerweise
fehlende Aktivierung des HPA-Systems (1). ANP wird im Vorhof des Herzens
produziert ist aber auch im Hypothalamus sowie im Portalvenenblut der
Hypohphyse nachweisbar. Auch im Gehirn kommt dieses Hormon vor und stellt
als Neuromodulator möglicherweise also ein körpereigenes Regulativ zur
Angstmdoulation dar. In tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen konnte zunächst
eine anxiolytische Aktivität von peripher wie auch von zentral verabreichtem
ANP nachgewiesen werden. Der zentrale Amygdalakern ist ein möglicher Wirkort
der anxiolytischen Aktivität von ANP (2). Die lokomotorische Aktivtät
war durch ANP nicht beeinflusst. Auch erste Ergebnisse bei Patienten mit
einer Panikstörung verweisen auf eine anxiolytische Aktivität von ANP:
CCK-4 induzierte Panikattacken von Patienten mit einer Panikstörung waren
durch die Gabe von ANP i.S. einer anxiolytischen Aktivität abgemildert
(3). Sowohl in tier- wie auch in humanexperimentellen Studien konnten
wir eine anxiolytische Aktivität von ANP nachweisen. Nichtpetiderge ANP-Rezeptorliganden
könnten daher einen neuen, stärker an der Pathophysiologie der Panikstörung
orientierten Behandlungsansatz darstellen.
Clinical importance
of Cytochrome P450 Variants in Psychopharmacological Treatment: Extended
PCR-2D6-Genotyping and Analysis of Drug Metabolism Objective: CYP2D6
poor metabolizers (PM) frequently suffer from severe side effects of antidepressants,
whereas ultra rapid metabolizers (UM) respond insufficiently [1]. The
current study screened for such patients including their families by a
genotyping procedure and tested the SSRIs citalopram and sertraline as
therapeutical alternatives. 1. Tucker GT (1994) Clinical implications of genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46:417-424 2. Sachse C, Brockmöller J, Bauer S, Roots I (1997) Cytochrome P450 2D6 Variants in a Caucasian Population: Allele Frequencies and Phenotypic Consequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60:284-296 Specific Sensory
Detection, Discrimination and Hedonic Estimation of Nicotine Enantiomers
– Indication of a Conditioning Mechanism between the Sensory Properties
and the Pharmacological Actions of S(-)-Nicotine Objective:
Hummel et al. (1992) reported differences in the hedonic rating of S(-)-nicotine
between smokers and non-smokers. The aim of our current study was to investigate
the influence of smoking history on the perception and the hedonic evaluation
(pleasantness / unpleasantness) of nicotine enantiomers. Sleep quality and
measures of daytime sleepiness Introduction: The
crucial role of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as a cause of traffic
accidents drew scientific interest on diagnostic methods for identifying
sleepy subjects. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship
between four different methods for quantifying EDS and sleep quality as
measured by polysomnography (PSG). Neuropeptide Y is widely distributed in a neurons of several brain structures and takes part in many functions. In the amygdala NPY-containing neurons and terminals are scattered over the whole nucleus and has an anxiolitic action there. An anxiolitic effects has also been found after antagonist of glutamatergic transmission. Some studies indicated for an interaction between glutamatergic system and NPY in the hippocampus. In the present study the effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor -mGluR5- antagonist, MPEP on NPY expression in the rat amygdala was studied immunohistochemically. Moreover, behavioural studies were performed in which anxiolitic action of MPEP and the effect of blocade of Y1 receptors in amygdala on this action, by the local intraamygdalar injection of BIBO 3304 was investigated in the plus-maze test. In the immunohistochemical studies MPEP(10mg/kg; ip,3 times, every 8 hours) caused a decrease in NPY-ir expression in nerve cell bodies and terminals of the amygdala, which may suggest a release of NPY in the structure. In the behavioural studies MPEP (10mg/kg) induced an anxiolitic effect which was antagonized by BIBO 3304. This results indicate the involvment of NPY, by NPYY1 receptors in the anxiolitic action of the mGluR5 antagonist, MPEP. The Effects of
mGluRII Agonist on the Expression of Conditioned Place Preference Induced
by Morphine In Mice Recent findings indicate
that a new selective and active after peripheral administration agonist
of group II mGluRs, [(+)-2-aminobicyclo[3,1,0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic
acid] (LY 354740) attenuated behavioral sings of morphine withdrawal in
rats (Vandergriff and Rasmussen, 1999) and in mice (Klodzinska et al.,
1999). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of this compound
on expression of conditioned place preference induced with morphine in
mice. The Effect of Opioids
on the Activity of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Neuronal Cell
Lines Expressing mu-Opioid Receptors Opiates, acting on
opioid receptors (coupled to Gi/Go classes of the
G proteins) inhibit cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation, Ca2+ conductance
and activate potassium conductance. On the other hand, opioids can also
cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activate mitogen-activated
protein kinases (MAPK). Therefore it appears that opioids, at the cellular
level, exert both inhibitory and stimulatory effects. The changes in cAMP
and Ca2+ levels result in alterations in the activity of several
transcription factors, such as Ca2+/cAMP Responsive Element
Binding Protein (CREB) and Activated Protein 1 (AP-1). These transcription
factors can establish a direct link between opioid-regulated signal transduction
pathways and the modulation of gene expression. Acute administration of
opioids increased CREB phosphorylation and binding to consensus CRE and
AP-1 elements without affecting total CREB protein level. In contrast,
prolonged opioid treatment normalized back to basal the levels of CRE
and AP-1 DNA binding activity and slightly decreased the levels of phosphorylated
CREB. Withdrawal from the drug elicited an increase in phosphorylated
CREB levels and induced CRE and AP-1 DNA binding activity. Consequently,
opioids regulated CRE- and AP-1- directed transcription of luciferase
reporter gene as well as the expression of target genes (e.g. proenkephalin).
Our findings provide evidence that opioids regulating the CREB and AP-1
activity can affect the expression of target genes. In turn, these CREB-
and AP-1- controlled genes may contribute to the development of tolerance
and addiction. Pindolol in Patients
with severe Panic Disorder SSRIs like paroxetine play an important role in the treatment of patients with panic disorder. It is striking to observe that at the beginning of the treatment an exacerbation of the symptoms occurs, usually in the form of an increase in the number of spontaneous attacks. It is known that at the beginning of the treatment with SSRIs the activity of serotonergic neurons in the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DRN) is suppressed via 5-HT1A autoreceptors, therefore inhibiting serotonin (5HT) tone in projection areas (Romero et al.,1996). As locus coeruleus (LC) neurons are suppressed by 5-HT from the DRN and their activation accompanies anxiety, the increase in anxiety in panic disorder could be mediated via the inhibition of DRN-neurons. We therefore studied the effect of the presynaptic 5-HT1A / ß-adrenergic antagonist pindolol on the clinical response in 10 inpatients (54.0± 12.3 years, 6 male and 4 female) with spontaneous panic attacks. All were diagnosed as suffering from panic disorder according to the DSM-IV criteria. It was ensured that these patients did not have a history of asthma or low blood pressure. We gave pindolol, 2.5mg three times daily in combination with an SSRI ( 10mg paroxetine or citalopram at the beginning). The patients took the pindolol and SSRI regimen without reporting untoward side effects. An increase of spontaneous panic attacks was not found. All patients had a marked improvement of panic symptoms and remitted quickly. Our results indicate that pindolol addition to SSRIs is highly effective in reducing panic symptomatology. Was gibt es Neues
in der nicht-pharmakologischen Therapie von Schlafstörungen? Derzeit haben in Deutschland
5 Millionen Menschen eine behandlungsbedürftigen Ein- und Durchschlafstörung.
Die Betroffenen erfahren eine Unterversorgung in der Behandlung ihrer
Schlafstörungen, da 2/3 von ihnen nicht zum Arzt gehen. Aber auch dort
erfahren sie oftmals eine ineffiziente Behandlung. Versuche der Anwendung
der VR (virtuellen Realität) Technik in der Therapie spezifischer Phobien
und anderer psychischer Störungen. Die Angststörungen
(darunter auch die Phobien) gehören zu den meist verbreiteten psychischen
Störungen und stellen eine Reaktion des Organismus auf die Gefahr (auf
eine unmittelbar und/oder symbolisch bedrohende Situation) dar. Der Organismus
antwortet auf diese inneren und äußeren, nicht immer bewusst empfundene
Reize, mit Zeichen von Unruhe, Spannung, Befürchtung, Angst, usw. Das
Ziel der Angststörungen ist eine Reduktion des Angstgefühls, Senkung der
Häufigkeit der Angstanfälle und das Zeigen dem Patienten, wie er mit seiner
Angst umgehen kann. Als hochwirksam im Fall der Phobien scheinen die behavioristischen
Methoden (Desensitisierung, Schwelgen und Modellieren) zu sein. Die Grundlage
für jede der genannten Methoden ist ein Prozess - das Auslöschen. Der
Patient wird mehrmalig und ausdauernd einer Wirkung des phobischen Objektes
unterzogen. Während der Therapie wird der Kranke in einer engen (reellen
bzw. eingebildeten) Reichweite dieses Objektes bzw. Situation gehalten.
Die Unmöglichkeit einer Flucht und das Feststellen, dass es dem Patienten
in einer bedrohlichen Situation nichts passiert, sollen zum Auslöschen
der Angst fuhren. Elektroschock und
die Technik der transkranialen magnetischer Stimulation: Ergebnisse der
Computermodellierung. Ein Schlüsselproblem
der Elektrokrampftherapie ist die Wirkung eines physikalischen Reizes,
der der elektrische Strom ist, auf die gestörten Hirnstrukturen. In der
Arbeit wurden Computeruntersuchungen an den biophysischen Erscheinungen
dargestellt, die dem Elektroschock zugrunde liegen. Sie betreffen den
Stromdurchfluss in den Strukturen des Kopfes unmittelbar vor dem Auftreten
des konvulsiven Anfalls. Mit Hilfe des Pakets OPERA-3D (Vector Fields
Ltd., Oxford), des allgemeinen Solvers der dreidimensionalen Probleme,
bildete man ein dreidimensionales Modell des Kopfes mit fünf Schichten.
Das entstandene Modell wurde der elektrischen Stimulation unterzogen (Unterprogramm
TOSCA). Kontrolle der bioelektrischen
Hirntätigkeit während einer EKT Behandlung: klinische Bedeutung von den
unterschiedlichen Parametern einer Anfalltätigkeit Die Elektrokrampfbehandlung
(EKT) ist eine völlig anerkannte Methode einer physikalischen Therapie
in der Psychiatrie. Sie besteht in einer elektrischen Stimulation des
Kopfes des Patienten mit darauffolgendem Erzeugen eines verallgemeinerten
epileptischen Anfalles. Mehrmaliges Wiederholen der EKT Behandlung führt
zu bestimmten funktionellen und strukturellen Änderungen, die für das
Auftreten eines klinischen antidepressiven Effektes verantwortlich sind.
Der peripherische motorische Effekt, der einen Krampfanfall begleitet,
hat keine klinische Bedeutung. Es wird als Nebenwirkung betrachtet und
kann durch Anwendung von Muskelerschlaffung eliminiert werden. Selbst
die EEG-Anfallstätigkeit während der EKT Behandlung ist als eine sine
qua non Voraussetzung für eine klinisch effektive Therapie anzunehmen.
Die klinischen Untersuchungen beweisen einen Zusammenhang zwischen verschiedenen
Parametern der EEG-Tätigkeit und dem therapeutischen Erfolg. Eine der
wichtigsten Bedingungen einer klinisch effektiven EKT-Behandlung ist die
Dauer des gesamten Anfalls (die 30-Sekunden-Regel: Um einen antidepressiven
Effekt bei der Anwendung von EKT zu erzielen, muss der Anfall in EEG mindestens
30 Sekunden dauern). Nach einigen Autoren scheit auch die Dauer der einzelnen
Phasen von der Anfallstätigkeit wichtig zu sein. Ein weiterer Parameter
der EEG-Tätigkeit, der hochgradig mit antidepressiven Effekten der EKT
korreliert, ist der Index einer postiktalen EEG-Signal-Suppression. Unter
anderen klinisch wichtigen Parametern der EEG-Tätigkeit werden folgende
genannt: EEG-Signal-Energie, Anfallsgeneralisierung, EEG-Signal-Amplitude,
absolute und relative Stärke des EEG-Spektrums, interhemisphärische Asymmetrien,
Kohärenz, usw.
Kombination der
Techniken von Brain Mapping and high resolution EEG zur
Untersuchung von den kognitiven Effekten. Der Inhalt der intrapsychischen
Erlebnisse von anderen Menschen ist uns nur indirekt zugänglich. Wir bestimmen
diese Erlebnisse durch Aussagen anderer Person und deren Benehmen - Gesten
und Mimik. Diese Beobachtung entspricht der Stellung von Professor T.
Bilikiewicz. Er erwähnte die (intra)psychischen Erscheinungen, die sich
von anderen dadurch unterscheiden, dass sie nur einer einzigen Person
zugänglich ist - der, die diese erlebt. |